Effect of Palm Kernel Shell Ash on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymer Composites for Automotive Applications

Abstract

The need for sustainable, low-cost composite materials has prompted interest in agricultural waste utilization. This study investigates polymer composites reinforced with palm kernel shell ash (PKSA), an abundant Nigerian agro-waste. Epoxy composites were prepared with varying PKSA weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) and tested for mechanical and thermal performance. Results revealed that composites with 10% PKSA showed the highest tensile strength (48 MPa), representing a 20% improvement over neat epoxy. Flexural and impact strength also increased due to better interfacial bonding between ash particles and polymer chains. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability, with degradation onset temperatures shifted by up to 35 °C. Morphological analysis by SEM revealed well-dispersed PKSA particles contributing to crack deflection mechanisms, improving fracture toughness. Cost analysis confirmed the economic viability of PKSA composites compared to conventional fillers. These findings highlight palm kernel shell ash as a sustainable reinforcement material for automotive interior and structural applications.