Development of Biodegradable Starch-Based Composites Reinforced with Coconut Husk Fibers for Packaging Applications

Abstract

The growing concern over plastic waste has stimulated research into biodegradable polymer alternatives. This study investigates the development of starch-based composites reinforced with coconut husk fibers, a widely available agricultural byproduct in Malaysia. Composite films were prepared using a solution casting technique with varying fiber loadings (5%, 10%, 15%). Mechanical testing revealed that tensile strength improved by 18% at 10% fiber content compared to pure starch films, while elongation at break slightly decreased due to the rigid nature of fibers. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability, with onset degradation temperatures increasing by 22 °C. Water absorption tests confirmed reduced hydrophilicity in fiber-reinforced composites, improving their suitability for packaging applications. Scanning electron microscopy revealed homogeneous fiber dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion facilitated by hydrogen bonding. The study demonstrates that coconut husk fibers can significantly improve the functional properties of starch-based materials, offering a low-cost, biodegradable alternative to petroleum-derived plastics for sustainable packaging solutions.